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This coin is normally known as an issue of the Lydian king Croesus. Throughout the ancient world he was known for his legendary wealth, and it is therefore not surprising to find these most ancient of silver coins associated with this king. The lion is the paramount symbol of royalty and as such was appropriate for his Lydian kingdom. According to Herodotus, the Lydians were the first to strike gold and silver coins, but the numismatic evidence is not fully compatible with this statement. Carradice suggests that this coin is unlikely to have been minted in the lifetime of King Croesus and is of the type he calls late Croeseid (c. 510-500). However Sear assigns them to Croesus c. 560-546 B.C. The issue represents the introduction of the world's first bimetallic coinage, gold and silver pieces based on a stater of pure metal weighing about 10.8 grams. This was the initial phase of relatively short duration as shortly after the gold was reduced in weight to about 8 grams for a stater and the silver siglos of just over 5 grams replaced the silver stater. This is an historic and important silver coin type from the earliest period of coinage. From the style of this example Carradice assigns the issue to late in the 6th century B.C.

The island state of Aegina situated midway between Attica and the coastline of Argolis was probably the first place in European Greece to issue coinage. From Aegina the practice quickly spread to Athens and Corinth and other important centres. The Aigian weight standard was widely adopted in Crete and Asia Minor as well as Greece and the turtles of Aegina were a widely accepted trade coinage.

Metapontion, originally named Sybaris, was an Achaian colony of very early foundation, though the precise details of its origin are shrouded in uncertainty. Following the destruction of its first foundation by the Samnites, it was refounded, as Metapontion, early in the 7th century BC by settlers under the leadership of Leukippos, who was thereafter revered as the city founder. The great prosperity of the city — attested by the extent of its archaic silver coinage commencing in the mid 6th century BC — was based on agriculture. Situated on the Gulf of Tarentum, Metapontion occupied a plain of extraordinary fertility watered by the rivers Bradanos and Kasuentos. Its standard coin type is an ear of barley, a tribute to the source of Metapontine wealth, and Demeter, the goddess of grain who is the city’s most revered diety. One of the city's most notable claims was that it was the burial-place of Pythagoras who had retired there and perished in a sedition.

As with many cities in Magna Graecia, Kroton was established by colonists from mainland Greece. Myskellos, obeying a directive of the oracle of Delphi, led a group of Achaean settlers to the site and founded the city around 710 BC. This divine sanction is represented by the tripod of the oracle, which became the civic badge of Kroton and is featured on its coinage. Kroton was among the first cities to produce coinage in Italy, its earliest being of the incuse type struck on the Achaian standard. As evidenced by its bountiful coinage, Kroton was one of the most important and wealthy cities of southern Italy. Although its fortunes rose and fell over the centuries, it maintained its production of a wide array of denominations and metals until the Roman period.

During the final decades of the 5th century the art of the die-engraver in Sicily had evolved to such a level that the individual artists began signing their work on the dies. This brought them great celebrity and doubtless commensurate income and the phenomenon was by no means confined to Syracuse itself. Never before, and probably never since, have die-engravers achieved such a high level of fame and the quality and inspiration of their work briefly raised coinage truly to the level of fine art. Unfortunately, these exciting developments were cut short by the catastrophic political events of the closing decade of the 5th century, when the Carthaginian invasion and the reestablishment of tyranny at Syracuse destroyed forever the environment in which this remarkable, but fragile, artistic movement had occurred. Eumenos' work was especially noted for the introduction of high action in the horses drawing the racing chariot, a change which was to be carried much further by other masters of this brief but brilliant period of numismatic art. Together with the engraver Sosion, Eumenos was in the vanguard of the artistic movement which transformed the Syracusan coinage in the late 5th century.

Mazaios had been appointed satrap of Cilicia around 361 BC. Later, with the addition of Syria, Lebanon, and Israel to his territories, he became one of the Persian king's most powerful subordinates; during this period he put down a Phoenician revolt, which had the support of both the Pharaoh of Egypt, Nectanebo II, and 4,000 Greek mercenaries. For his services, Darius III promoted him to the overlordship of Mesopotamia and sealed it with the promise of marriage to the king's daughter, Barsine, or Statira. 
At Gaugamela in 331 BC, Maizaios' extraordinary abilities did little to ward off the advance of Alexander III of Macedon, as the flight of the Persian king signaled the collapse of the Persian army and Macedonian victory. Mazaios withdrew his forces to protect Babylon, and on the assurance that it would not be plundered, the city was surrendered. Mazaios proved himself indispensable to the new government through his hospitality and sagacity, and Alexander appointed him satrap of Babylonia, the first Persian to be so rewarded by the Greeks. He continued to be rewarded with favorable appointments until his death in 328 BC.

Although the dies for this coin are not listed in Troxell, the style, with the diagonally oriented feathers in Nike’s upper wings, is very similar to the many other dies she records.

Alexander the Great (356-323 BC), king of Macedonia, conqueror of the Persian Empire, and one of the greatest military commanders of all time. Alexander was born in Pella, the ancient capital of Macedonia, was the son of Philip II, king of Macedonia, and of Olympias, a princess of Epirus. In the summer of 336 BC Philip was assassinated, and Alexander ascended to the Macedonian throne. In 335 BC as general of the Greeks in a campaign against the Persians, originally planned by his father, he carried out a successful campaign against the defecting Thracians, penetrating to the Danube River. On his return he crushed in a single week the threatening Illyrians and then hastened to Thebes, which had revolted. He took the city by storm and razed it, sparing only the temples of the gods and the house of the Greek lyric poet Pindar, and selling the surviving inhabitants, about 8000 in number, into slavery. Alexander's promptness in crushing the revolt of Thebes brought the other Greek states into instant and abject submission. Alexander began his war against Persia in the spring of 334 BC by crossing the Hellespont (modern Dardanelles) with an army of 35,000 Macedonian and Greek troops; his chief officers, all Macedonians, included Antigonus, Ptolemy, and Seleucus. At the river Granicus, near the ancient city of Troy, he attacked an army of Persians and Greek mercenaries totaling 40,000 men. His forces defeated the enemy and, according to tradition, lost only 110 men; after this battle all the states of Asia Minor submitted to him.  Continuing to advance southward, Alexander encountered the main Persian army, commanded by King Darius III, at Issus, in northeastern Syria. The Battle of Issus, in 333, ended in a great victory for Alexander. Cut off from his base, Darius fled northward, abandoning his mother, wife, and children to Alexander, who treated them with the respect due to royalty. Tyre, a strongly fortified seaport, offered obstinate resistance, but Alexander took it by storm in 332 after a siege of seven months. Alexander captured Gaza next and then passed on into Egypt, where he was greeted as a deliverer. By these successes he secured control of the entire eastern Mediterranean coastline. Later in 332 he founded, at the mouth of the Nile River, the city of Alexandria, which later became the literary, scientific, and commercial center of the Greek world.  In order to complete his conquest of the remnants of the Persian Empire, which had once included part of western India, Alexander crossed the Indus River in 326 BC, and invaded the Punjab as far as the river Hyphasis (modern Beâs); at this point the Macedonians rebelled and refused to go farther. He then constructed a fleet and passed down the Indus, reaching its mouth in September 325 BC. The fleet then sailed to the Persian Gulf. With his army, he returned overland across the desert to Media. Shortages of food and water caused severe losses and hardship among his troops. Alexander spent about a year organizing his dominions and completing a survey of the Persian Gulf in preparation for further conquests. He arrived in Babylon in the spring of 323 BC. In June he contracted a fever and died. He left his empire, in his own words, “to the strongest”; this ambiguous testament resulted in much conflict for over half a century.

Ex B.R. Noble Collection, Glendining & Co, London, Auction Sale December 11-12, 1975 (lot37). Illustrated as cover coin and in plates. Exhibited at joint exhibition by Spink & Son and Copperfield Galleries, Mosman as "An Exhibition of Ancient Numismatic Art 550 B.C. - 600 A.D." in November 1976 as item 17.

The Seleukid Empire was one of the main successor states to the Macedonian empire forged by Alexander III 'the Great'. Following Alexander's death, his greatest generals, the Diadochs, divided the empire among themselves, but the settlement was not enduring and nearly constant warfare resulted from their ambitions to widen their respective areas of control. Seleukos I, despite being passed over in the initial settlement in 323 BC, received the satrapy of Babylon in the second settlement in 320 BC. By the time of his death in 281 BC, Seleukos had expanded his realm to encompass most of Alexander's eastern possessions from Asia Minor to Baktria.

Lysimachos was a Macedonian of great physical strength and fortitude who rose to prominence as a bodyguard for Alexander the Great. He became governor of Thrace and parts of northwest Asia Minor bordering the Black Sea after Alexander’s death, and like the other Diadochi assumed the royal title in 306/5 BC. At the beginning of his reign, Lysimachos continued to use Alexander’s coinage types, later modifying them by replacing Alexander’s name with his own. In 297 BC, Lysimachos introduced his own coinage, and chose to honor his benefactor, Alexander, by using the latter’s portrait as the obverse type. Athena, Lysimachos’ patron god, was chosen as his new reverse type. This coinage was struck at a variety of mints in Asia Minor and, later, Macedon and Thrace. The currency gained wide popularity, and continued to be minted as civic issues by a number of the cities for over a century after Lysimachos’ death.

In his 1988 article on Rhodian imitations, R. Ashton has argued persuasively that this coinage was struck by Perseus to pay Cretan mercenaries serving in his army (see “A Series of Pseudo-Rhodian Drachms from Mainland Greece,” NC 1988, pp. 29-30). The Rhodian coinage circulated on Crete, where it was a familiar and trusted currency for the Cretans, and it is likely that they would have required payment in that form (see also Ashton, SM 146 (May 1987), p. 34.)

The shekel of Tyre is renowned as the most likely candidate for the coin used to pay Judas Iscariot for betraying Jesus. The reason why it is generally accepted as such is that it was used by the merchant Phoenicians in their business transactions, and was thus a well-recognized and quite ubiquitous coin.

Matthew 26:14-16

Then one of the twleve, who was called Judas Iscariot, went to the chief priests, and said to them, 'What will ye give me if I deliver him to you?' And they paid him thirty pieces of silver. And from that moment he sought an opportunity to betray him.

These shekels were issued from 126 BCE (Before Common Era) to the time of the First Jewish War in 69-70 CE (Common Era) on a very consistent, yearly basis. In a world that was quickly falling to Roman invaders, this is an amazing fact. The reasons are simple: The Jewish people had to pay an annual tax to the Jerusalem Temple that was only payable in the money of Tyre. The shekels from Tyre were widely available in the region and were well known for their good silver content and accurate weight.
When Jewish pilgrims came to the Jerusalem Temple from other parts of the Greek and Roman world, they found money changers set up in the temple court competitively advertising exchange rates for the locally accepted Shekels. The method of advertising was a loud voice. It was this loud commercial activity that Jesus found offensive, when he threw over the tables of the merchants and expelled them from the Temple.

Matthew 21:10-13

And when he entered Jerusalem, all the city was stirred, saying: 'Who is this?' And the crowds said, 'This is the prophet Jesus from Nazareth of Galilee.' And Jesus entered the temple of God and drove out all who sold and bought in the temple, and he overturned the tables of the money-changers and the seats of those who sold pigeons. He said to them 'It is written, ‘My house shall be called a house of prayer'; but you make it a den of robbers.'

The shekel of Tyre is renowned as the most likely candidate for the coin used to pay Judas Iscariot for betraying Jesus. The reason why it is generally accepted as such is that it was used by the merchant Phoenicians in their business transactions, and was thus a well-recognized and quite ubiquitous coin.

As their name implies, Gallic War staters were issued to fund the fight against Julius Caesar in Gaul. Two explanations for the blank obverse have been suggested: firstly, to signify that the coins were minted by a coalition of tribes – ‘headless’ in other words – and, secondly, to speed up the production process, because the coins were often made in a hurry. The latter rationale seems to be more plausible.

From the D. Alighieri Collection.

As the ancient poet Homer was believed to have been from Ionia, he figured quite prominently on the coinage of Smyrna, but is also seen, far less often, on this type from Kolophon. Strabo mentions specifically the issue of bronze coinage from Smyrna when, discussing the city, he says "there is also a library; and the 'Homereum', a quadrangular portico containing a shrine and wooden statue of Homer; for the Smyrnaeans also lay especial claim to the poet and indeed a bronze coin of theirs is called a Homereum" (Strabo, Geographica XIV, I.37, transl. by H.C. Jones, The Geography of Strabo, VI [Loeb, 1960], pp. 245-247).

Phraatakes was the son of the slave girl Musa, who was given to the Parthian king Phraates by the Romans in 20 BC. Musa eventually became Phraates’ queen and manipulated her son into an unchallenged position to succeed the king after murdering Phraates in 2 BC. In a seeming attempt to legitimize his rule and secure her influence, Phraatakes and Musa were married in 2 AD, and began issuing a coinage containing both of their portraits.  This union was not unprecedented in certain eastern cultures, but did little to secure their position among the Parthian nobility, as they were, after all, of Italian stock. Within two years the Nobility successfully overthrew them both and placed Orodes III upon the throne.

The name Kushan derives from the Chinese term Guishuang, used to describe one branch of the Yuezhi, a loose confederation of Indo-European people who had been living in the Xinjiang Province of modern China. Driven west by Xiongnu between 176 and 160 BC, the five groups of the Yuezhi – the Xiumi, Guishuang (Kushans), Shuangmi, Xidun, and Dumi – reached the Hellenic kingdom of Baktria by 135 BC. They expelled the ruling Greek dynasties there, forcing these kings further south to settle along the Indus River. In the following century, the Guishuang forced the other tribes of the Yuezhi into a tight confederation. Now, as the Guishuang was the predominant power, the entire group became known by that name. This appellation was Westernized as Kushan, though the Chinese still referred to them as Yuezhi. Like the Hellenistic Greeks and Romans, the Kushans were a multi-cultural society, incorporating much of the cultures they ruled into their own. Like their Baktrian predeccesors, early Kushan coins used Greek legends on the obverse, along with a translation in the local Karosthi script on the reverse. Beginning with Kanishka I, however, the Kushan language, written in an adaptation of the Greek alphabet with some local alterations, was used almost exclusively. From the time of Vima Taktu (Soter Megas), the Kushans also began to adopt Indian cultural elements. Embracing a wide variety of local Indian and Central Asian deities, they assimilated them with Greco-Roman types already prevalent in the region. Overall, the Kushan pantheon represented a religious and artistic melding of western and eastern elements.

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a) Cast AE 'leaf' or 'arrowhead money' (length 33 to 49 mm; weight ~3.4 to 5.00 g); willow or laurel leaf or arrowhead shape, well designed but some roughness, flues from casting visible. SNG BM Black Sea 218; SNG Stancomb 24, 26-27, 128.

b) Cast AE 'arrowhead money' (length 33 to 44 mm; weight ~5.4 to 11.6 g). Two or three-leaves shaped with blunt point and a hooked barb, cast together with the body; some with sockets filled with lead.

c) Cast AE ‘short arrowheads’ (length 25-33 mm; weight ~2.2 to 2.3 g), trefoil feather-shaped with short blunt point, no insert visible. A few pierced in the middle of body. SNG Stancomb 129.

d) Cast AE ‘true long arrowheads,’ of 'Scythian' type (length 30-39 mm, weight ~1.6 to 2.8 g), light, prolonged triangular shape with sharp blades, with an extant insert. May be marked with ‘X’. Fine casting, then carefully filed. Cf. M. Tameanko, 'The Coinage of Ataias, King of Scythians', The Picus 1996, fig. 5.

The Milesian colonies of Olbia, Borysthenes, Istros, Odessos, and Apollonia, founded on the western Black sea coast in the 7th century BC, were once the central points of exchange and trade between the Greeks and local Scythian and Thracian populations. With the invention of coinage as a form of exchange of goods, a few types of pre-monetary items were introduced: the ubiquitous ‘dolphins’ and the scarcer ‘arrowheads’ and ‘wheel-coins’, all cast in copper. All were originally thought to have been from Olbia, but more recent hoard evidence indicates the latter were produced primarily at Istros and Apollonia. These pieces remained in circulation in the west Pontic area for about two centuries, until being finally replaced by struck coinage. Recent publications of finds from South Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, and Romania limited the circulation area of these proto-monies to the narrow coastal strip along the western/north-western shores of the Black sea. Some scholars suggested the ‘arrowheads’ were produced there since Apollo, with his bow and arrows, was the main deity who supervised the colonies of Miletus. As a god of archery, Apollo was well known with epithets as Aphetoros (“god of the bow”) and Argurotoxos (“with the silver bow”). These proto-money items are known in French as ‘monnaies–points de flèche’ or ‘flèche-monnaies’, but in English they are best known as 'arrowhead money'.

type a

$65

type b

$65

type c

$65

type d

$100

$75

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The Parthians & Sassanians (modern Iraq & Iran area) were opponents of Rome for many years in Ancient times and several times annihilated Roman armies, just another example of the fact that the East-West rivalry is nothing new, it has been going for thousands of years.. The Parthians were particularly famous for their archery and horseback skills. The "Parthian Shot" was a final volley of arrows before breaking contact and has become the parting shot in modern  English. These were semi-nomadic people. The Sassanians who succeeded the Parthians around 224 AD, tried to obliterate all traces of them and Parthian coins are one of the few surviving links to this culture.

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Most 25mm diameter - Umayyad - Al Walid I, Damascus mint, 706 AD, VF+ minor age mark near rim $45  Umayyad - Sulyman, 717 AD, VF $45 Abbasid - Al Saffah, 751 AD VF $45 Abbasid - Al Mutadid, Baghdad mint, 848 AD, VF $55 Abbasid - Al Muqtadir, Baghdad mint, 910 AD, toned, EF, $50 Buyid - Abud Al-Dawla Abu Shuja, Shiraz Mint, VF $50 Huwahhids of Nth Africa, circ 1244-1272 AD square silver dirhem, 14mm, VF $45

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The influx of gold from the Middle East during this period led to new gold issues throughout Western Europe in the 13th - 14 th centuries.. Inexpensive gold coin from nearly 1000 years ago.

 Plus: Nawruz, Governor of Sistan. Circa AD 1270. Æ Jital (14mm, 3.97 g). Crude legends both sides. Album 1978F; Tye 129e1.

$495

$50

Ancient Coin Collecting Volume  2, Greek coins.

Volume 3, Roman coins.

Ancient Coin Collecting Volume  4, Roman Provincial coins. Retail $58.

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$59.95

$59.95

Volume 6, Non-classical cultures. Retail $58. Brand New.

Ancient Coin Collecting Volume  7, Classical deception, all about fakes and forgeries.

$59.95

$45